Nouns in French

 

 Nouns - les noms or les subsantifs

1.  Gender

►  All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine.
Animates: When nouns define human beings, the gender of the noun normally corresponds to that of the person or people concerned.  Thus un homme (masculine)  and une femme  (feminine). There are a few exceptions; the most high-profile of these is une personne (feminine), a person, whether the person is male or female.

    Many nouns that can either refer to males or to females have masculine and feminine forms. In some cases an identical noun can be used in either gender: example un gendarme, une gendarme (a policeman / woman).  In other cases male and females are designated by a masculine and a feminine form of the same word: example un boulanger / une boulangère (A baker, a female baker).  In other cases there is little consensus; there is no clear rule in modern French as to whether a female teacher should be referred to as un professeur, une professeur, une professeuse, or une professeure. All four forms are used, even in official documents.

Inanimates: When nouns define objects or abstractions, they still must have a gender. The gender can sometimes be determined (or guessed) by the noun's ending.  While there are a few endings which are more or less exclusive to feminine nouns, such as -ette or -euse, the gender of most nouns just has to be learned case by case, and it is not always easy. Why does one say le coton, but la chanson? The reasons are etymological (historic) – but that is of little help: genders just have to be learned.

2.  Number

► Nouns in French must either be in the singular or the plural. The plural of most French nouns is indicated in written French by the addition of the plural marker, normally "s".   
This s is not pronounced in spoken French.
        Examples:  un homme, des hommes -  un tracteur, des tracteurs.

Particular cases:

• ► Most - though not all - nouns ending in -al, or -ail, form their plural in -aux.
    Examples:  cheval / chevaux,  général / généraux etc.  but festival /festivals
  As for the French word for garlic, singular un ail, its plural  form is des aulx.
• ►  Nouns ending in -ou. Most have a normal plural in -s; but eight common nouns take their plural in -x : bijou, caillou, chou, genou, hibou, joujou, pou. 
          Examples: un voyou, des voyous,   un hibou, deux hiboux.
• ►  Nouns ending in -s  or in -x.  These remain unchanged in the plural
          Example:  un tapis, des tapis  -  un époux, des époux
• ►  Words borrowed from English which would take an -es in the plural in English just take an -s in French.
          Example: un sandwich, des sandwichs 

 The plurality of a noun is also indicated by the determiner, and by any adjectives that describe the noun.

3.  Determiners

► Nouns cannot normally stand alone in French. Except in a small number of (mostly common) fixed expressions, such as j'ai peur, all nouns except proper nouns (i.e. names) – whether in the subject of predicate of a sentence – must be preceded by a determiner (un prédéterminant). This can either be:

• an article (le, la, un, etc...),
• a possessive adjective  (mon, ma, mes, ton, etc.),
• a demonstrative adjective (ce, cette, etc),
• a quantifying adjective (plusieurs, quelques, etc.)
  an interrogative adjective (quel, quelle, etc.),
• a numeral
  or - in the case of compound nouns - another noun.

► When the predeterminer is an article or an adjective, it agrees in number and gender with the noun.

► Possessive determiners
Unlike English, a noun in French cannot be preceded by another noun in the possessive form, as there is no inflected possessive form for nouns in French. The only possessive determiners are possessive adjectives such as mon / ma / mes, ton / ta / tes , etc.

In English one can say "Rosemary's baby". In French this must be "Le bébé de Rosemary"; in French, the determiner here is Le, not Rosemary's. (Except, of course, in the title of the classic movie which, in France, has always been known as Rosemary's Baby....  but that is English, not French! The movie title could never have been translated as Rosmarie's bébé.)

The determiner comes at the start of the noun group in French. It may be followed by one or more adjectives, from among those adjectives which, in French, precede or can precede the noun.

4.  What follows a noun ?

►  There is no need for anything to follow a noun; in French grammar a noun group can be considered complete as long as it has a determiner and a noun.

►  However nouns can be and often are followed by adjectives. Indeed, most French adjectives follow the noun.  Example: un livre intéressant.  See Adjectives
 
► Nouns can also be followed by (postmodified by) a prepositional phrase such as a possessive form with de. Example: Le livre de mon voisin.

► Nouns can also be completed by a subordinate clause, such as a relative clause.
 Examples:  Le livre que j'ai lu.    Le livre à acheter.