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E
What is an Enarque ? What happened to a ship called the Erika ? Is an EURL a type of aristocrat, or a type of firm? And what were the Accords d'Evian ? Look no further, here are the answers to these and other questions about French words or names beginning with E
E 111 former European health card, used by European Union citizens for health cover in France and other EU countries. E111 has now been replaced by the EHIC card. Ecole des Mines - A "grande école", one of France's prestigious engineering schools, founded by King Louis XVI in 1783; originally specialising in mines, it today trains experts in various fields of civil engineering. Its full name is the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris . See Higher Education in France Ecole Maternelle - Kindergarten: France has a strong tradition of pre-school education, and Ecoles Maternelles are open to pupils from the ages of 2 to 6 (the start of compulsory education). About a third of French children start going to kindergarten at the age of 2, and almost all children attend ecole maternelle between the ages of 3 and 6. Ecole Normale - Name formerly given to teacher training colleges in France; their main purpose was the training of future primary school teachers (instituteurs). Today future teachers are trained in IUFM - Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres. Ecole Normale d'Administration, see ENA. Ecole Normale Supérieure : Top French "grande école" in the field of arts and letters and sciences. See Higher Education in France Ecole
Primaire or Ecole
Elémenatire
:
Primary school, for the education of pupils between the ages of 6 and
11. There are five classes. In some small rural primary schools,
teachers may still take several classes together. For further details
see Primary
& secondary education in France. EDF -
Electricité de
France,
the leading French power company. Formerly a nationalised utility, EDF
is now a public company, in which the French government is the major
shareholder. EDF has expanded its activities into many European
countries, including Britain, though was very reluctant to give up its
monopoly over the electricity distribution market in
France. EDF is the second largest energy company in the world
in terms of stock-market capitalization. In France, over 85% of the
electricity produced by EDF comes from nuclear power generation. Education nationale : the French state education system, and the largest employer in France. Teachers and administrative staff with tenured jobs in the state education system are classed as fonctionnaires, or civil servants. Counting tenured employees and those with short-term contracts (contractuels), the EN has some 1.1 million employees, including about 850,000 teachers. The Education Nationale is administered centrally by the MEN (Ministère de l’Education Nationale), and on a regional basis through Académies, each one presided over by a Recteur. EELV : Europe Ecologie Les Verts. Political movement / party that emerged between 2008 and 2010 when the Green Party expanded to form an alliance including other militant environmental groups thatwere until then outside politics. See Les Verts Eglise
Catholique:
France is often described as a “Catholic" country;
but this description
is not technically true. Since 1905, there has been a strict separation
of church and state in France, and France is officially a secular
(laïc) republic. See laïcité.
Nevertheless, Catholicism remains the main religion of France to this
day. In 1999, slightly over half the French population claimed to be
Catholic, though only about 12% of the population are churchgoers. Eglise Réformée de France : the main French protestant church, of Calvinist inspiration. The ERF isclosely associated with the other main Protestant church in France, the Lutheran EELF, Eglise Evangélique Luthérienne de France (French Lutheran Evangelical Church) which is particularly present in the area of Montbéliard, a Protestant stronghold in eastern France. Eiffel Tower, see Tour Eiffel Elitism
: In spite of
the national commitment to the principles of Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity, France remains marked by traditions of elitism that are
ingrained in the very fibre of society. The French Revolution was
supposed to have done away with privileges and elites, and usher in an
age of greater equality; in the event, it – and subsequent
upheavals –
changed the nature of the elites in France, without making a great
impact on the underlying system. Indeed, the notion of
‘republican
elites’ is one that was fundamental in the shaping of
post-Revolutionary France. Elysée, Palais de l': Paris, official residence of the President of France, located on the Rue du Faubourg St.Honoré, near the Champs Elysées. Most of the weekly Cabinet meetings are held in this presidential palace, and it is from the presiential office that French presidents tend to make televised broadcasts to the nation. The annual presidential Garden Party is held in the gardens of the Elysée Palace on Bastille Day. Emmaüs, les Communautés d', : Associations for the reinsertion of long-term unemployed and social misfits, founded by Abbé Pierre, the Emmaüs Communities specialise in the collection and treatment of second-hand paraphernalia. Emmaüs centres will take almost anything, and either recycle it or else sell it; the centres are popular with bargain hunters and people looking for furniture and bric-à-brac at knockdown prices. Emmental: a popular type of pressed cheese, made mainly in the east of France, in the Franche Comté and Lorraine regions. Very recognisable on account of the big round holes, Emmental is not an appellation contrôlée cheese. ENA, the Ecole Normale d'Administration, one of France's top "grandes écoles". The main function of the ENA is to train uncoming generations of hauts fonctionnaires (top civil servants) who will later run France's public sector. However the school also trains future leaders of industry, and many top French politicians have been through this school. Originally located in Paris, the ENA is now in Strasbourg, the capital of Alsace. The network of graduates, known as Enarques, is one of the cosiest and most influential old-boy (and old-girl) networks in France. Enarque, Graduate of the Ecole Normale d'Administration. See ENA. ENS : See Ecole Normale Supérieure Eoliennes : Wind turbines, see Parc Eolien. Epoisses Soft cheese, made in northwest Burgundy Equipe, l'
France's
leading daily sports newspaper, and one of the biggest-selling dailies
in France. Erignac, Claude, 1937-1998. Fench senior civil servant assassinated by Corsican nationalists in 1998. As prefect of the Corsica region, Erignac represented, for Corsican nationalists, a symbol of French colonial power. He was gunned down by Corsican extremists in Ajaccio one evening in February 1998, and is the most high-ranking victim of nationalist violence on the island. After a controversial investigation and trial, a group of nationalists were found guilty of murdering Erignac. One of the accused, Yvan Colonna, claimed his innocence, and went into hiding for four years, before being recaptured and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2009. Erika
Name
of the Italian-managed Maltese-registered tanker, on charter to the
French oil company Total-Fina-Elf, that ran aground and sank off the
Brittany coast in 1999, causing one of France's largest oil spills and
environmental disasters. At least 150,000 birds died as a
result of the spillage of heavy oil, that affected beaches from the
Charente to the Finistère. Espace, The original European "monospace" vehicle, first produced in 1984 by Renault. The initial concept for the Espace was actually conceived in the Rootes/Chrysler design facility in Coventry, England; this facility was associated with Chrysler's French subsidiary, Matra-Simca. When Chrysler sold their UK operations to Peugeot, the latter were not interested in the monospace project, so Matra teamed up with Renault, who eventually went ahead with the project and launched what has since become one of the company's flagship models. ESSEC : École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales . One of France's world-class business schools, the ESSEC is based in Cergy Pontoise, in the suburbs of Paris. It has a branch in Singapore. Its MBA programme was classed 7th best in the world in the 2007 Wall Street Journal world classification. Entry to ESSEC is highly selective. Est Républicain, l' the main daily newspaper in central eastern France, published in Nancy, in Lorraine. Est, Gare
de l'
Paris mailine railway terminus, serving cental eastern
France. Since 2008, and the opening of the TGV de l'est, the Gare de
l'Est has become the fourth Paris mailine rail terminus offering TGV
services. See rail
travel in France. Estafette : The classic French delivery van, produced by Renault from 1959 to 1980. EURL - Entreprise Unipersonnelle à Responsabilité Limitée : type of French microcompany, a limited liability company formed by a single person, allowing an individual to benefit from a simple corporate structure without the complexities of creating a full company. EUROPE 1
Popular private commerical radio station, currently
specialising in news and talk. Originally set up in 1955 as a private
radio broadcasting from the Saarland (Germany),
at a time when broadcasting in France was a state monopoly,
the station was soon brought under indirect government control when the
Sofirad company took a controlling stake; but Europe 1 retained a
degree of editorial independence that the official state broadcasters
did not have. Today Europe 1 is again a private broadcaster,
now controlled by the Lagardère
group. In 2007, its pop music partner station Europe 2 was
renamed Virgin Radio, under a franchise agreement with the Virgin group. Eurostar
International high-speed train, running between London and
Paris, and London and Brussels. Evian, Accords d' Agreement, signed in 1962, putting an end to the Algerian war. The agreement , signed between the French government and the Algerian National Liberation Front, led to Algerian independence, while giving France the right to maintain a certain strategic presence in the country for 15 years. France's withdrawal from Algeria, after 130 years of colonial domination, was the subject of bitter argument in France, and France narrowly escaped falling into civil war over the issue. The Algerian crisis lasted from 1954 to 1962, and led in 1958 to the collapse of the Fourth Republic, and the establishment of the Fifth Republic under General de Gaulle. It was de Gaulle who masterminded the package that achieved consensus at the Evian talks. Evian is a town in the French region of Rhone-Alpes, standing on the French shores of lake Geneva. Evian, Eau d’: Evian mineral water, reputed to have been filtered for centuries beneath the Alps, is the leading mineral water in France, and the world’s leading export product in its field. Evian water has been bottled since 1826. The Evian bottling company is today part of the Danone group. Express, l' Weekly independent French newsmagazine, founded in 1953 by Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber and Françoise Giroud, on the model of the American Time magazine. Originally a centre-left magazine, l'Express moved to the centre right in the early 1980's. Many prominent French journalists and writers have at times been involved with L'Express; they include Jean Paul Sartre, Raymond Aron and Christine Ockrent. Extremism : Compared to most of its European neighbours,
France has long been a country with a surprising level of tolerance of extremism. For
instance, in the first round of the 2002 Presidential elections,
virtually a third of all votes cast went to an extremist candidate in
the first round of voting, on a turnout of 71% of the electorate.
Almost 20% of votes went to the extreme right-wing Front National
or ex-FN candidates, and 13.81% was split among four trotskyist or
communist candidates. While this can be seen in part as a form of
protest vote, or lack of confidence in mainstream political parties, it
also illustrates the degree to which France remains a polarised
society. Something missing? If you cannot find a word,
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